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Plant of the Week
Sultana, Impatiens
Latin: Impatiens wallerana
What can I get that will flower in the shade? As gardeners we are faced with
this question more and more each year as our landscapes mature and our gardens
get more shady. The garden impatiens has emerged to answer the need, providing a
wide array of flower colors and plant sizes for every garden situation. The rise
of the garden impatiens to become the most popular bedding plant species during
the last decade largely is due to the efforts of one man, yet even among well-
informed gardeners, few know of him or of his accomplishments.
The man responsible for propelling impatiens into the spotlight is Claude Hope,
whose firm, PanAmerican Seed Company, is located in Dulce Nombre in central
Costa Rica. Hope grew up in Sweetwater, Texas, but discovered Costa Rica during
World War II when the Army assigned him the task of establishing New World
plantations of Cinchona, the plant from which quinine is extracted.
After the war Hope returned to Costa Rica with the dream of becoming a flower
breeder. He was well equipped for the task with horticultural degrees from Texas
Tech and Michigan State. When he arrived in Costa Rica he discovered a tall,
gangly weed he didn’t recognize growing in the fence rows. The weed turned out
to be impatiens that had escaped cultivation after being introduced to the
country prior to 1880.
Impatiens, so named because the seed capsule will erupt and expel the seeds
while still green, was originally collected in Zanzibar in Central Africa in
1865. Originally named I. sultana in honor of the Sultan of Zanzibar, the name
was finally revised to I. walleriana to honor Horace
Waller, the missionary who saw to the publication of Dr. David Livingstone’s
journal of "Dr. Livingstone I presume" fame after Livingstone died in the bush
in 1873. The early name stuck and the common name "sultana" became popular for
the plant.
Hope began improving impatiens in the mid-1950s, and by 1965 he had a series of
eight selections in field trials in the United States. In 1968, he released the
Elfin series, the first dwarf, free-flowering forms. He continued to improve
impatiens over the years. Today, the firm he established, which was sold to Ball
Seed Company of West Chicago, Ill., in 1980, controls 60 percent of the world’s
impatiens seed market.
The firm has grown to 400 acres. One-hundred acres are under polyethylene tents,
where the flowers are individually pollinated by hand to produce the hybrid
seeds.
Hope has been called the 20th century’s most important flower breeder, yet he is
largely unknown, even in horticultural circles.
Impatiens are available in a wide array of colors from red to pink, rose,
lavender, white and assorted bicolor combinations. The plants are all
free-branching and usually under 14 inches tall, unless they’re planted too
close together. If cuttings are taken from upright growth at the top of a plant,
the resulting plants will grow upright and taller than the original plant.
The popularity of impatiens in the garden is due to their ability to flower in
the shade, and because they are easy to grow. The plants will tolerate morning
sun, but by noon they need to be in the shade or the summer sun will cook them.
Impatiens do best when given a well-prepared, relatively fertile soil that can
be kept on the moist side during the summer.
While impatiens will not grow in standing water, uniformly moist conditions just
short of standing water seem to be their preference. Impatiens will often reseed
in future years, but the seedlings will come back in mixed colors of pink, white
and rose. Few serious insect or disease pests bother impatiens.
By: Gerald Klingaman, retired
Extension Horticulturist
- Ornamentals
Extension News -
June 2, 2000
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