Plant of the Week
Shortleaf Pine, Yellow Pine
Latin: Pinus echinata
Drive through the woodlands of the Ouachita Mountains and you see plenty of
pines. But these trees are newcomers, mere saplings replacing the forest giants
that once occupied this same ground. The old growth forest was made up of
Pinus echinata, known to foresters as shortleaf pine. Sawmill operators call
them yellow pine.
The shortleaf pine is a big tree with an extensive native range in the
southeastern states, ranging as far north as the Ohio River valley and as far
west as the Great Plains. It tolerates a wide array of soil types and occurs
mixed with hardwoods or in pure stands, often quickly invading old fields and
roadside cuts.
In Arkansas, shortleaf pines are relatively unimportant as a timber species
in the modern forest industry. Allan Murray, the director at the Arkansas
Forestry Commission’s Baucum Nursery near Little Rock, says that his nursery
grows about a half million shortleaf seedlings per year, compared to about 130
million of the faster growing loblolly pine seedlings produced each year in the
state. About the only reason Murray sees for planting shortleaf pines is that
they are better at self-regeneration in drier, upland sites than loblolly pine.
Old shortleaf pines can reach 100 feet in height with the lower two thirds of
the trunk devoid of branches, making them good feedstock for the sawmill.
Solitary trees retain lower limbs and are quite picturesque in silhouette. Older
trees develop a distinctive, patch-like, orange-red scaly bark that easily
separates them from the loblolly pine with its gray furrowed bark.
The flexible, bluish-green shortleaf pine needles are three to four inches
long and produced in bundles of two or three. Young trees are fast growing and
assume a pyramidal habit in their youth, eventually losing lower limbs and
developing the distinctive sculptural crown seen in old trees.
Forest management is a relatively new science in America. With our vast,
seemingly inexhaustible timber resources early industry moguls practiced the
"cut out and get out" brand of forestry we strongly denounce in today’s
developing nations. Forestry practices began to change about 1900 when the last
white pines were harvested from the Great Lakes region and foresters began to
look about for new areas to conquer. The virgin shortleaf pine forests of
Arkansas beckoned.
Teddy Roosevelt acted on the recommendation of Gifford Pinchot - the first
director of the newly established U.S. Forest Service - and established the
Arkansas National Forest in 1907 (renamed the Ouachita National Forest in 1926)
from unclaimed publicly owned land in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas and
Oklahoma.
During this same period developers began to assemble parcels of land for
logging operations in the region. By buying land from discouraged farmers,
timber harvesting rights from heirs or timber harvesting tracts from the new
National Forest, large sawmill operators such as T. W. Rosborough and the Dierks
family began to reshape the landscape of the Ouachitas. The story of this
harvest, which was complete shortly after the end of WW II, is told in Ken
Smith’s 1986 book, Sawmill.
By: Gerald Klingaman, retired
Extension Horticulturist
- Ornamentals
Extension News -
March 21, 2003
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