Plant of the Week
Pumpkin, Jack O' Lantern
Latin: Cucurbita pepo
The pumpkin is as American as apple pie, yet its current status is a result
of our diverse cultural heritage.
The word pumpkin is derived from the middle English word "pumpion" which
described a type of Old World melon. The pumpkins and squashes are thought to
have originated in Central America and Mexico. They spread as Native Americans
adopted them as a staple food over 9,000 years ago.
Among the New England tribes these plants were described as "askutasquash."
The Puritans of New England adopted "pumpion" for the large, orange-fruited
vines and "squash" for all of the smaller-fruited edible sorts.
Botanically speaking, pumpkins and squashes are kissing cousins belonging to
the cucumber family. They are so closely related that pumpkins and some squashes
will readily cross pollinate one another. If a non-pumpkin type pollinates a
pumpkin flower, the resultant fruit will look like a normal pumpkin, but if
seeds are saved and planted the next season, the fruit of the hybrid plant will
be mongrelized.
The acceptance of pumpkins by early colonists was not immediate. In fact, it
took a good long New England winter to convince them that they were indeed tasty
and nutritious. One of the earliest methods of preparing pumpkins was to cut a
hole in the top, scoop out the seeds, and then fill the cavity with apples,
molasses, spices and milk. The top was put back on and then the pumpkin was
baked in a bed of coals.
By the late 1700's, the standard method of preparing pumpkin, other than
pumpkin bread, had become our standard pumpkin pie, which included eggs,
molasses, allspice and ginger baked in a tart shell.
The tradition of the jack o' lantern is interwoven with the traditions of the
ancient Celts who celebrated a ceremony that apparently was part harvest
ceremony and partly a ceremony to appease the spirits of the dead. This ritual
included carrying lighted embers from ceremonial bonfires in carved out turnips
-- a readily available ember-holder. Faces were carved on these turnips to scare
off the spirits of the dead that came back to visit earth -- often in the form of black cats.
In the 1750s, the old Irish folktale
was written down, but changed to include a night watchman named Jack.
The Irish potato famine a century later resulted in the immigration of over
600,000 Irish men and women to the United States. Finding few big turnips to
carve, the pumpkin was adopted for Jack's
lantern for the Christian All Hallows Eve festival. That holiday evolved into
our nonsecular Halloween.
Gardeners wishing to grow pumpkins need to first assess their goal. If the
goal is to grow pumpkins for pies, one of the small fruited pie types such as
Small Sugar or Jack-Be-Little are best. But if the goal is to grow a good
carving pumpkin, say something in the 20 to 30 pound range, selections such as
the old Connecticut Field or Jack o' Lantern are hard to beat.
If the goal is to grow giant pumpkins for county bragging rights, Dill's Atlantic
Giant, which occasionally will
top 600 pounds, is for you. Pumpkins require 100 to 115 days to mature fruit and
are usually planted after the soil warms in the spring from mid May until late
June for jack-o-lanterns.
By: Gerald Klingaman, retired
Extension Horticulturist
- Ornamentals
Extension News -
October 30, 1998
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